The analysis is actually adjusted getting decades, sex, body-bulk list, instructional level, alcoholic beverages intake, and geographical region

Services of your own Data People

The characteristics of the 102,216 participants are shown in Table 1 , and in Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix. Mean sodium excretion was estimated to be 4.93±1.73 g, and mean potassium excretion was estimated to be 2.12±0.60 g, with higher excretion in men than in women (P<0.001 for sodium and potassium).

Activities out-of Sodium and you can Potassium Removal

Noticed removal in one accelerated day urine sample and projected “usual” excretion (shortly after changes having regression dilution prejudice) are offered. To own seen excretion, brand new imply (±SD) sodium excretion is cuatro.93±1.73 grams each https://datingranking.net/pl/girlsdateforfree-recenzja/ day; step three.3% from users got salt excretion from less than 2.31 g everyday, and you can 0.6% out of people had salt excretion out-of less than step one.fifty grams daily. To own estimated usual removal, brand new suggest sodium removal is actually 4.90±step 1.17 grams per day; 0.2% regarding people got salt excretion regarding below dos.31 grams each and every day, and you may none got salt removal out-of below step 1.fifty grams each day.

Overall, 43.5% of the population had an estimated sodium excretion of more than 5 g per day, 45.9% between 3 and 5 g per day, and 10.6% less than 3 g per day (3.3% had an excretion <2.3 g per day, and 0.6% <1.5 g per day). After adjustment for regression dilution bias, 2.1% of participants had an estimated sodium excretion of less than 3 g per day, and only 0.2% had excretion of less than 2.3 g per day ( Figure 1A ). Overall, 7.9% of participants had an estimated potassium excretion of more than 3 g per day ( Figure 1B ).

Estimated sodium excretion was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.001), whereas estimated potassium excretion was higher in urban areas (P<0.001) (Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix). Per capita gross national income was inversely associated with estimated sodium excretion and positively associated with estimated potassium excretion (P<0.001 for trends). Mean estimated sodium excretion ranged from 3.78 g per day in Malaysia to 5.59 g per day in China. Mean estimated potassium excretion ranged from 1.70 g per day in South Asia (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) to 2.46 g per day in Canada and Europe (Poland and Sweden).

Urinary Sodium Removal and you will Blood pressure level

Alterations in blood pressure are shown to possess sodium removal off shorter than simply step three grams per day, removal of 3 to 5 g everyday, and removal in excess of 5 grams on a daily basis. People having really reasonable otherwise very high sodium excretion come in the shape. From inside the China, 218 people with excretion away from below 2 grams each day was in fact within the group with removal from dos.00 to help you 2.99 grams per day, and you may 482 persons with removal of more than 11 grams for each and every go out had been within the group that have excretion from grams otherwise way more on a daily basis. In other countries, 235 people that have excretion off nine.00 to help you 9.99 g a day and you can 112 persons having excretion out-of ten g or higher everyday had been within the group which have excretion from 8.00 to eight.99 g every single day. We pubs imply 95% count on times.

After adjusting for covariates, we found a significant positive association between estimated sodium excretion and systolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) and between estimated sodium excretion and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) ( Figure 2A and 2B ). For each 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion, there was an increment of 1.46 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (P<0.001) and an increment of 0.54 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001). After correcting for regression dilution bias and adjusting for covariates, we observed a steeper slope (a larger increment in blood pressure for a 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion) for the association between estimated usual sodium excretion and blood pressure, with an increment of 2.11 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure per gram and an increment of 0.78 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure per gram (P<0.001 for both comparisons).